̰_ ߸ڿ Ư ߸
ȯ
̺ ư(Isaac Newton, 1642~1727) (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646~1716) ߰ϰ ְ 鼭 ߰ ΰ ϴ. Ͽ ˷̴ȭ ϴ ˷̴ ù ؿ ̱ Ȧ(Charles Martin Hall, 1863~1914) (Paul Louis-Toussaint Heroult, 1863~1914) 1886 ÿ Ͽ ̸ Ȧ- (Hall-Hḗroult process) Ҹ.
̺ й ߰ ˷̴ ù ̿밡ɼ ֱ Ư㸦 ߸ε ڶ ϱ? Ư ߸ ִ , ʷ ߸ (2013 3 16 ̱) οϰų ʷ (κ 2013 3 16Ϻ ̱ ) οϴ Ģ̴. ̴ Ư Ǵ ȿ Ģ̴. Ư ٸ ü . ̱ Ư Ư ٸ ˷̴ ϴ ̱̳ ϸ Ӹ ƴ϶, ܱ Ͽ ִٴµ ִ. ǰ ѳµ ̿ ݵ Ǹ ֽ ߸ϰ 鿩 ȹ Ư DZ ̴.
̿ ٸ Ư ּ ϽŰ ü DZⱸ(WIPO) ְ 1883 3 20Ͽ ĸ ĸ (Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property)̴. ĸ , ܱε ΰ ϰ 籹̶ Ư㿡 ְ, üᱹ 1 ȿ 켱 ϸ鼭 ٸ üᱹ ϸ ʿ ٸ , 鼭 Ư(: ̱ ߸ , ѱ ߸ Ư ) ְ Ǿ.
˷̴ ù ߸ Ȧ 絵 ߸ ϼ 1886 ̱(US Patent 400,766, 1886.7.9. ) (FR 175,711, 1886.4.23. ) Ư Ͽ ϹҴ. ̱ ƯϿ ÿ ̱ ĸ ϱ ε(1887 ) ̱ ռ ̶ ߴٰ ص ̱ ߸ ϼ Ư ִ ߸Ǹ äϰ ־ Ȧ ߸ Ǿ ̱ Ư ߴ[1]. Ưε ˷̴ ù Ǹڰ ̱ Ȧ̰ ̴. ٸ ߸ յڰ ȿ Ǵ ɱ?
̰ ߸ Ư
Ʈ 罺ī(Ernst August Friedrich Ruska, 1906~1988) ̰ 踦 ڱп 1986 뺧л Ͽ. ͳθ ȿ ̿ϴ ֻͳθ̰(scanning tunneling microscope) Ը (Gerd Binnig, 1947~) θ η(Heinrich Rohrer, 1933~) ư.
罺ī ̰ Ǵ ڱп [2] ǥ 1931κ 55̳ 뺧 ε Ư, ߸̸鼭 Ưδ ٸ ̰ ߸ ް ִ ڶ Ưϴ.
1. 罺ī 1931 ̰ ɵ
罺ī (High Tension Laboratory) ũ(Max Knoll, 1897~1969) Բ ڱ Ͽ ǥϰ 400 ػ ̰ ( 1)ϰ Ͽ. 罺ī 1932 ̰濡 Ư[3] ϰ Ϲµ ũ ؿ Ҹ ߸ڴ (Bodo von Borries, 1905~1956) ȴ. ٸ Ư ̰ ߸ 罺ī ϴ 翬 ?
罺ī ̰濡 Ư ־ ེ ٹϴ ȦƮ (Reinhold Rudenberg, 1883~1961). ȭ⸦ ߸ (Alexander Graham Bell, 1847~1922) ӴϿ Ƴ ߴٸ, ״ ҾƸ ɸ Ƶ Ҿƹ̺ ̷ Ϸ ̰ ߸ߴ. ״ ī ̾Ƿ Ͽ Ư߰ ī 1931 5 30̾. ߸ Ư ϵǾ. ̷ Ǹ ī Ư ̹Ƿ Ϲ ϴ ƴѰ ϴ .
2. ̰ Ư
̰ ڸ ϴµ ڱ ƴ϶ ( 2) ϴ ̾ ̷лδ ־ ǿȭϱ ʾƼ ۵ ʾҴ. Ư 罺ī Ư ٸ ߸ ο Ǹ̹Ƿ 縳 ߴ ̴. ٸ ں Ͽ ̰ ٴ 信 Ư װ ռǷ Ư ̰ ߸ڴ ̴. ǿȭϱ ʾƼ ۵ , ߸ Ư㸦 οϴ ŸѰ?
߸ Ư
߸ Ӱ(űԼ) κ ϰ ̲ () Ư ִ. , ߸ ڿĢ ̿ âμ [4]̹Ƿ ǰ Ͽ ۵ ʿ . ο Ͽ Ư㸦 ѷ ϴ ̴. ٸ, ڿĢ ߳ ߸ Ƿ Ư Ѵ.
罺ī 1931 ǥ ̰ ü ƴϾ, ī ̰ ǥ װ Ư 1931 6 4̾ ڱ ̿ ̶̰ Ư ־ ̴. Ư ĸ ̿ Ϸκ 1 ϱ 1932 5 27Ͽ ̱ Ǹ 1936 10 27Ͽ ( 3)ȴ.
3. Ư 켱Ͽ ̱ Ư
1930 ʹݿ Ͽ ̷ ̰ ߸ ī Ͽ 1986 뺧 л ־. ʰ ִ Ƶ鿡 Ÿ ȭؼ ο ô Ư ̰ ߸ ѵ ƽ δ.
[1] Manufacture of Aluminium, http://www.fluoride-history.de/p-aluminum.htm
[2] E. Ruska and M. Knoll, Z. Tech. Phys. 12, 389(1931)
[3] B. von Borries and E. Ruska, German Patent 680,284 filed 17 Mar. 1932.
[4] Ư 2 1ȣ
|